طريقة استخدام جل للعيون How to Use Eye Ointments and Gels Properly

How to Use Eye Ointments and Gels Properly

(Using a mirror or having someone else give you the eyedrops may make this procedure easier.)

1Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
2 Avoid touching the tip of the tube against your eye or anything else - the medication and its container must be kept clean.
3 Holding the tube between your thumb and forefinger, place it as near to your eyelid as possible without touching it.
4 Brace the remaining fingers of that hand against your face.
5 Tilt your head forward slightly.
6 While tilting your head back, pull down the lower lid of your eye with your index finger to form a pocket.
7 Squeeze ribbon of ointment or gel into the pocket made by the lower eyelid. Remove your index finger from the lower eyelid.
8 Blink your eye gently; then close your eye for 1 to 2 minutes.
9With a tissue, wipe any excess ointment or gel from the eyelids and lashes. With another clean tissue, wipe the tip of the tube clean.
10    Replace and tighten the cap right away.
11    Wash your hands to remove any medication.

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Remember

• Follow directions carefully
• Do not miss doses
• Your eyesight may be cloudy after using the ointment or gel
• Store medications out of reach of children

Dependent Clauses: Adverbial, Adjectival,

Dependent clauses may work like adverbs, adjectives, or nouns in complex sentences.

1. Adverbial clauses

Like a single-word adverb, an adverbial clause describes a verb (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions

                           where?           why?           how?           when?            to what degree?

An adverbial clause begins with a subordinating conjunction, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).
Common subordinating conjunctions:

after	in order (that)	unless
although	insofar as	until
as	in that	when
as far as	lest	whenever
as soon as	no matter how	where
as if	now that	wherever
as though	once	whether
because	provided (that)	while
before	since	why
even if	so that
even though	supposing (that)
how	than
if	that
inasmuch as	though
in case (that)	till

  Example of adverbial clause answering when?
       
      When will the flowers bloom?   Answer:  when spring arrives

   Example of adverbial clause answering why?
       
        Why didn't the poor woman have money?  Answer:  because she had lost her job

   Example of adverbial clause answering where?
       
       Where is there fire?   Answer:  where there is smoke

   Example of adverbial clause answering how?
       
        How did he answer the question?  Answer:  as if he knew the subject quite well

       Example of adverbial clause answering to what degree?
       
        To what degree of lateness will Jones arrive?  Answer:  (later) than Smith (will arrive)

    Another example of an adverbial clause answering to what degree?
       
       To what degree is he young?  Answer: (younger) than his brother (is)

Comma use with adverbial clauses

Comma use with adverbial clauses depends upon placement of the adverbial clause.
If the adverbial clause introduces the sentence, place a comma between it and the main clause.
       

If the adverbial clause follows the main clause in a sentence, do not place a comma between the two.
       

2.  Adjectival clauses

Like a single-word adjective, an adjectival clause describes a noun (in the sentence's main clause) and answers one of these questions

                                     which one?                   what kind?      

An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative pronoun, which makes the clause subordinate (dependent).
Common relative pronouns:
                  that         which         who        whom        whose
NOTE:  Use who, whom, and whose to describe people.
               Use that and which to describe things.
Adjectival clauses always follow the person, place, or thing they describe, usually immediately.

   Example of adjectival clause answering which one?
       
        Which book did Joe read?  Answer:  the one that I gave him

   Example of adjectival clause answering what kind?
       
        What kind of politician has the support of the people?  Answer:  one who is trustworthy

Adjectival clauses may also begin with selected subordinating conjunctions:
                when  - to describe a time
       

                where  - to describe a place     
       

               why - to describe a reason
       

Comma use with adjectival clauses

Comma use with adjectival clauses depends upon essentiality of the adjectival clause.
If the adjectival clause is essential (or "needed"), no commas should be used to separate it from the main clause.  
Generally, essential adjectival clauses should not begin with which.
    Examples
       
       
    Since the adjectival clauses in the above examples are needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are essential and should not be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.

If the adjectival clause is nonessential (or "not needed"), commas should separate it from the main clause. 
 Nonessential adjectival clauses should not begin with that.
    Examples
       
       
    Since the adjectival clauses in the above examples are not needed to clarify the noun that they describe, they are nonessential and should be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.
Note the difference between the sentences in each pair:
  
  

 

3.  Nominal Clauses

Like a noun, a nominal clause names a person, place, thing, or idea.  A nominal clause may function in a sentence as any of the following:
     subject                      subjective complement             appositive               object of preposition                  direct object             indirect object                             retained object


Nominal clauses may begin with interrogatives:
    who     whom   what    which     whoever      whomever     whatever     when    where     how   why
An  interrogative beginning a nominal clause has a function within the nominal clause.
Each of the  following examples illustrates

•    a nominal clause
•    the function of the nominal clause within the sentence
•    the function of the interrogative within the nominal clause

   Nominal clause as subject in sentence 
       

   Nominal clause as subjective complement in sentence
       

   Nominal clause as object of preposition in sentence
       

   Nominal clause as direct object in sentence   
       

   Nominal clause as indirect object in sentence
       

   Nominal clause as retained object in sentence 
       

Nominal clauses may also begin with expletives:
         that        whether       if
An expletive beginning a nominal clause has no function within the nominal clause.
   Nominal clause beginning with expletive that
       

   Nominal clause beginning with expletive whether
       

   Nominal clause beginning with expletive if 
       

Parallel Structure

Parallel Structure

    The examples below show how to repair faulty parallelism.

   Example #1     

 

   Example #2

       Click on the link below to complete an exercise on parallelism with coordinate conjunctions

Sentence elements that are alike in function should also be alike in construction.  These elements should be in the same grammatical form so that they are parallel.

Using parallel structure in your writing will help with

                   1)  economy       2) clarity        3) equality          4) delight.

Here are some examples of parallel elements

These elements, on the other hand, are not parallel

Used in a sentence, they create a jarring effect and produce writing with unclear emphasis and meaning.  We call such an error "faulty parallelism."

Writers generally use parallelism as a technique in the following five ways.

1.  With elements joined by  coordinating conjunctions, especially and, but, and or.

       Examples of parallel words

        Examples of parallel phrases

        Examples of parallel clauses

. 

Link to Exercise 1

2.   Use parallel structure with elements in lists or in a series.

        A series is a group of three or more elements in a row.  The last element in the series is connected to the others with one of these coordinating conjunctions:  and, or, but (not), or yet (not).

        Commas should be placed between each element in the series and before the coordinating conjunction.        

        Examples of series         

    As the examples below show, a series whose components are not in parallel format sounds awkward and may cause misunderstanding.

    Example #1

     Example #2

     Note that in the corrected versions of example #2, you may choose to repeat the "to" or to omit it.

Click on the link below to complete an exercise on parallelism with elements in a series.. 

Link to Exercise 2

3. Use parallel structure with elements being compared.  (X is more than / better than Y)

     When we compare things, we often use words such as more, less, better, and worse,  We connect the items being compared with words like as and than.

     Note the comparison methods in the examples below.

    The elements being compared are parallel to one another:

            driving is parallel to flying

            Miriam's ability to is parallel to her resolve to

             How you live  is parallel to how much money you make 

     Comparing items without using parallel structure may cause confusion about what is being compared to what.

     Repair faulty parallelism in comparisons by making one element of the comparison parallel to the  other.

    Note that you may choose to change either element to match the other.

     Click on the link below to complete an exercise on parallel structure with elements in a comparison.

Link to exercise 3.

4.   Use parallel structure with elements joined by a linking verb or a verb of being.

     Joining elements with linking verbs or verbs of being suggests a completing of the first item by the second one.  Often, in fact, an equality between the two is being set up, as the examples below illustrate.

    Repair faulty parallelism with linking verbs or verbs of being by making one element of the equation parallel to the other.

     Click on the link below to complete an exercise on parallel structure with linking verbs or verbs of being.

Link to exercise 4.

   

5.  Use parallel structure with elements joined by a correlative conjunction.

    These are the major correlative conjunctions:

              either / or           neither / nor           both / and        not only / but also

     Correlative conjunctions work in pairs. 

Whatever grammatical structure follows one must be parallel to the grammatical structure that follows the other.

    Examples with either / or and neither / nor

    Examples with both / and

    Examples with not only / but also

    

     Repair faulty parallelism with correlative conjunctions by making one structure parallel to the other as shown below.

With either / or

   

 With neither / nor

 With both / and

    

With not only / but also